استفاده مفید از کمپوست برنج و آزولا

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تعداد صفحات: 6

استفاده مفید از کمپوست برنج و آزولا ( همراه با متن انگلیسی )

By سحر میرشاهی | On December 2, 2006 | In علوم کشاورزی | Rated

تیمور رضوی پوریکی از راه های کشاورزی نوین استفاده از چرخه زندگی موجودات زنده در رشد و نموّ آن هاست. از طرف دیگر، ارزش زیست محیطی آن است. زیرا اگر این چرخه به کنترل درآید، بقایای مواد زیستی در طبیعت رها نخواهد شد. آزولا از همزیستی جلبک میکرسکوپی سبز- آبی آنابنا و گیاه ماکرسکوپی آزولا تشکیل یافته است که یک سرخس است. این گیاه از خارج کشور به ایران آورده شده است و تحقیقات زیادی در دانشگاه های ایران در باره آن انجام شده است. کسانی که این گیاه را به ایران آورده اند و آن هایی که در دانشگاه ها درباره آن تحقیق کرده اند متفّق نظرند که این گیاه ازت هوا را به خاک شالیزار منتقل می کند.

 از نظر نویسنده وبلاگ rashtrice.persianblog.com مطالعه نشانویژگه های تنکارشناختی آزولا در کتاب های خارجی چنین است. اما در مزارع کشاورزان آزولا به گونه دیگری عمل می کند. کودی را که کشاورزان به زمین می دهند، به مصرف آزولا می رسد و آزولا فربه می شود سپس به ساقه برنج چسبیده و با بالا آمدن آب آن را به پایین می کشد و ازبین می برد. تا کنون به برنج کاران حوزه مرداب صومعه سرا خسارت زیادی وارد شده است. جمع آوری آزولا از مزارع نیز هزینه های زیادی دارد

Beneficial Use of Composted Azolla and Rice straw as Fertilizer

By: Teimour Razavipour

E-mail: [e-mail]

Introduction:

The applications of nitrogenous fertilizers practice to increase per unit yields of any crop since most soils are deficient in nitrogen. But the continuous uses of chemical fertilizers were caused pollution of environment and cultivation coast for farmers. The use of azolla as biofertilizer for irrigated rice cultivation has already been found successful in many countries (Lumpkin and Piucknett, 1982; Mian, 1993). Compost is mixture of decayed organic materials decomposed by microorganism in a warm, moist, and aerobic environment, releasing nutrient into readily available forms for plant use. The compost is a need for sustainable production through integrated nutrient management. It can solve problem of declining yield, and corrects micronutrient problems like Zinc and etc. deficiency. It can be as big saving, increased farmer self- reliance, increases yields, and improves water- holding capacity of the soil. Therefore can increases water efficiency in field, improves aeration, provides humus or organic matter, vitamins, hormones and plant enzymes which are not supplied by chemical fertilizers. It acts as a buffer to changes in soil pH. The compost kills pathogenic organisms, weeds, and other unwanted seeds when a temperature of over 60oc is reached. Different materials can be blended or mixed together which can increase the nutrient content of the compost fertilizer (Alam, 2004).

Azolla properties:

Azolla is an aquatic, floating fern that lives in symbiotic association with a blue alga, Anabaena azollae. It fixes nitrogen from the atmosphere and has therefore been promoted as cheap alternative for certain chemical fertilizers in irrigated rice fields. Also, farmers found that working the Azolla into the soil required considerably more effort than the application of chemical fertilizers, which in any case it could not entirely replace. Role of organic matter in relation to increased rice production and soil fertility is well recognized (Tanaka 1978). As regards the biomass production, and quantity of nitrogen fixation and nutrient recycled, Azolla is highly efficient, cost effective and ecologically sound bio-fertiliser (Singh et al 1990; Watanabe and Liu 1992; Wagner 1997; Pabby et al. 2003). Azolla has a high protein content of approximately 23-37 percent (dry-weight basis). Green manure provides a large amount of organic matter to soil. Therefore, this improves soil quality dramatically. First, soil structure is improved so that soil becomes soft and water holding capacity and drainage ability increase. Second, availability of nitrogen in soil increases with leguminous green manure crops and other chemical qualities (CEC, pH etc.) are improved. Third, numbers and activity of microorganisms increase. Application of compost to the soil improved the soil organic matter,N, P, K and another essential elements contents.

Table 1- The Elemental composition for Azolla                                      Table 2- On dry weight basis Azolla contains the                 weight on a dry basis                                                                                    following chemical compositions.

           (Anand, and Pereira. 2006)                                 (Journal of the North Eastern Council, Shillong, 2006)

Element

%

Nitrogen

2.5-3.5

Phosphorus

0.15-1.00

Potassium

0.25-5.50

Calcium

0.45-1.25

Magnesium

0.25-0.50

Sulphur

0.20-0.75

Silica

0.15-3.50

Sodium

0.15-1.25

Chlorine

0.50-0.75

Aluminium

0.04-0.50

Iron

0.04-0.50

Mangnese(ppm )

60-2500

Copper(ppm )

2-250

Zinc(ppm )

25-750

Element

%

Nitrogen          

0.5

Potassium        

0.1-1.0

Magnesium      

0.16

Iron                 

3.0-3.3

Sugar              

6.5

Chlorophyll      

10.0

Nitrogen          

0.5

Potassium        

0.1-1.0

Magnesium      

0.16

Iron                 

3.0-3.3

Sugar              

6.5

Chlorophyll      

10.0

Rice straw properties:

Rice straw can be use different ways. It had used as feed for herbivores animal, but recently it remain in paddy fields without any benefit consume. Therefore this straw caused pollution of grand water and surface water storages. The quantity of straw can vary from 2 tons/ha to more than 8 tons/ha, and will depend on the variety of rice, productivity (high rice yield will result in high straw yield), and harvesting method (cutting closer to the ground will result in more straw).  Total straw available in the field is proportional to grain yield. At harvest, the moisture content of straw is usually more than 60% on a wet basis (i.e. more than half is water), however in dry weather straw can quickly dry down to its equilibrium moisture content of around 10-12%.  The bulk density of dry rice straw is around 75 kg/m3 for loose straw, and 100 to 180 kg/m3 in packed or baled form. In packed or baled form, straw bales take up at least three times the amount of space as wood logs for the same amount of weight. Rice straw has a high ash content (up to 22%) and low protein content. As a result, rice straw does not decompose as readily as other straw from other grain crops such as wheat or barley. Rice straw is more resistant to bacterial decomposition than other materials and therefore more suitable to serve as building material. The main carbohydrate components of rice straw are hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin. Rice straw contains moderate levels of potassium and chlorine too (TropRice).

Rice straw is an essential substrate for the growing of Agaricus bisporus in Asia. In Japan, Taiwan and Korea, rice-straw composts have been used for many years with consistent results. Rice straw is rich in nutrients and regarded as the best material for mushroom growing in all countries with produce rice, e.g. China, the Phillipines and Indonesia (Takahashi et al, 1978).

A sample of cutted rice straw and a sample of azolla (table 3) were putted on Oven dryer for determining of its water content (Razavipour, unpublished report).

Sample

Wieght(gr)

Water Content(%)

Wet

Dry

By wet wieght

By dry wieght

Rice straw

213.3

188.3

11.72

13.28

Azolla

725.4

124.6

82.82

482.18

Table 3: Water content percent of rice straw and azolla before mixing

                                       Table 4: Analysis of Compost, Azolla, and Rice straw samples before

            and Compost samples from ending composting processes.

pH of Paste

O.C

(%)

EC× 103

Total.N

(%)

Total.P

(%)

Total.K

(%)

Compost

(Preliminary)

-

44.7

-

2.370

0.22

2.19

Azolla

-

46.2

-

4.211

0.31

2.98

Rice straw

-

51.1

-

2.119

0.19

1.34

Compost

(Finaly)

6.6

29.96

-

2.734

0.20

2.45

Table 4 shows that the amount of total nitrogen, phosphor, and potassium are nearly same in before composting and end of composting process and there are no differences between them in all of process. The amount of nitrogen in azolla is two times of the compost samples in before and end composting process (Razavipour, unpublished report).

Source of organic matter in soil:

Soil fertilization is one of the most important tasks in agriculture. Every good farmer is concerned about how to keep or restore soil fertility in order to maintain good yield.

A good soil is not only rich in the basic nutrients including nitrogen, potassium and phosphorous, it is also physically well structured and biologically very active. When the chemical, physical and biological qualities of the soil are well-balanced, we consider it to be optimal soil.

Many farmers are concerned about adding fertility or nutrients, but there are very few who are concerned about, and put emphasis on, protecting soil through soil conservation. Adding and returning organic matter to the soil is essential. It is only organic matter which can provide the necessary elements (nutrients) for growing plants, and improving the chemical, physical and biological qualities of the soil. The amount of humus in the soil decreases through mineralization thus re-supplying lost humus every year is a must for maintaining soil fertility and quality. Organic matter can be enriched in the soil by using various methods such as mulching, green manuring, use of compost, azolla culture, and various agricultural practices etc. If enough organic matter were supplied to soil, no crop would face nutrient deficiency. It is an ideal if sufficient organic matter for a farm is produced within it (Alam, 2004). Due to the continued decline in soil organic matter content and soil fertility, sustainable crop production is being seriously threatened even with addition of mineral fertilizer (Ahmed et.al., 1998). As result our soils are becoming barren and continuous use of chemical fertilizers decreases organic matter content. It also impairs physical and chemical properties of soils in addition to causing micro-nutrients deficiencies.

Organic matter is the life of soil. It develops physical, chemical and biological properties of soil. The organic manure acts as a buffer medium for making favorable soils environment to obtain higher yield of crops. Addition of organic matter to light soil increases porosity and water holding capacity. It makes heavy soil more friable and easy tillage operation. Cohesion and plasticity of heavy soils are reduced by addition of manure. Application of organic amendments decreased soil bulk density and increased total porosity, moisture content and organic matter content of soil (Mbagwu, 1989). Moreover it also reduce run off, erosion loss and salinity of soil. Putting organic materials to soil will keep microorganisms living and active. It helps soil retain its moisture. Green fertilizer can be provided by cutting down new crops and spreading it over soil as covering. Green manuring are best for making a vast area of land fertile (Munni, 1997). Organic Farming is a modern, sustaining & close to nature farming system, which maintains the long-term fertility of the soil and uses less of the Earth’s finite resources to produce high quality nutritious food grains/vegetables/fruits. No doubt, organic farming has to be understood as part of a sustainable farming system and a viable alternative to the more traditional approaches to agriculture. Although organic produce may cost a bit more in the grocery store, because long term costs associated with these problems are factored in, the organic choice is the healthiest and, ultimately least costly option (Ali Khan and Hussain Khan, 2006).

Introduction of Compost:

A quality compost recycle and some time animal waste materials, and turns them into nature’s best plant food, containing high quality organic matter and beneficial microorganisms. Microorganisms {Bacteria, fungi, nematodes, protozoa, earthworm} break down {Digest}, the raw components of compost. The most immediate and dramatic effect of the regular additions