دیدگاهی متفاوت ازفراگیری سازمانی 15 ص

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A Differal view of organization learing

دیدگاهی متفاوت ازفراگیری سازمانی

گردآورنده : سوگیلی

به نظرمی رسد بیشترادبیات فراگیری سازمانی ،دنباله روی عقاید(اصول) تئوریهای فراگیری وجنبۀ فکری فردی یاروانشناسانه برروی این پدیده هستند . مباحثه ای دراین موردوجودداردکه آیاسازماندهی هامی توانندیادبگیرندیاخیروبسیاری فقط درراه رسیدن به آن هستند. که فراگیری سازمانی ،حاصل جمع فراگیری فردی است ، که درمحل کارروی می دهد .

(Argris &schon , 1996 ; levit & March,1998; Normann,1985

;Weick&Westly,1996).

اگرتمرکزمابه یکی که انسان شناسانه تراست ودرنتیجه برروی فراگیری گروه تمرکزی می یابد،تغییرکند،چه اتفاقی روی می دهد؟اگرتغییری ازفراگیری دریافت شده به اندازۀ درک برای فهم آن وجودداشت ،چه اتفاقی می افتاددرزمانیکه ،گروههاسعی می کنند ،احساسی خارج ازدنیایشان بسازند؟ .

به عنوان نتیجۀ دیدگاه جدیدفراگیری سازمانی ،چه چیزی می تواند ،بعضی ازتغییرات ضروری دراین دیدگاهها،عقایدیاتمرینات باشد؟ چراشرکتهامی خواهند. سازمان های فراگیری باشند ؟ این صفحه این ،قضایاراجستجوخواهدکرد .

این امر،مشکل به نظرمی رسد،که دیدگاههای یادگیری مان رابه بعضی ازگروههایی که آن راانجام می دهند ،تغییردهیم . واینکه این کاربخشی طبیعی ازفعالیت روزمره مان است . بسیاری ازمربیان ومتخصصان علوم نظری به نظرنمی رسدکه قادربه شنیدن تکذیبات خودشان باشند .

Jamese .Russel ,dean emeritus ,Teachers college,colum bia university بیان می کند .

این امرنمی تواند،اغلب هدف قرارداده شودکه همۀ تحصیلات ،خودتحصیلی هستند . ممکن است آموزگاران به محدودکردن فرآیندرسوم ،جمع آوری تجهیزات ونشان دادن آرام ترین مسیرهاکمک کنند ،اماصعودکننده بایدبرای رسیدن به قلۀ کوه ،سروپاهای خودش رابکارببرد. بدون تردید،بهترین روش برای تدریس بزرگسالان ،بحث گروهی است . (Knowles ,1990 )

روش تئوری گروهی به فراگیری خیلی همدردبافراگیری نوع بشری است ، اماحتی چارلزراجردرکتاب آزادی یادگیری اش بطورمستقیم یادگیری گروه رابیان نمی کند .

مرجعی به نام jigsaw opproach (تئوری زیگسار) وجودداردکه ، هردانش آموزرابه عنوان قطعه ای تعیین می کند که قسمتی ازکل پروژه می شود . اگرمایادگیری گروهی رابه عنوان چیزهای متفاوت ازذخیره یادگیری فردی جستجوکنیم ،سقوط کوتاهی ازچیزی که ممکن است باشد ،بنظرمی رسد .

چه اتفاقی می افتداگرکارگران ازکاردسته جمعی وکمک به یک نفردیگردرخواست کمک می کند ،همدستی ، وازانجام کارواقعی بایکدیگردوری کنند؟ این صفحه درمورداین قضیه بحث نمی کند که آیاچنین چیزی به عنوان یادگیری گروهی وجودداردیاخیروجودندارد. درعوض به مااجازه می دهدکه فقط سعی کنیم که ببینیم که چه چیزی می تواند زمانی که مادیدگاهی متفاوت ازموضوع داریم دربارۀ یادگیری سازمانی کشف شده باشد .

مفهوم های کلیدی (اصلی) برای توسعۀ دیدگاه متفاوت ازیادگیری سازمانی ابتداء ازسه ضلع نشأت می گیرد . دریکی ازمقالات ،نویسندگان سازمان رابه عنوان یک فرهنگ وپیوستگی نظم وبی نظمی ،که اغلب یادگیری راتحریک می کند ،می بینند .

(weick &westly ,1996)

دومین بازسازی اجتماعی دانستنیهادرگروههااینکه وچگونه این امر،راهی که بایدیادگیری رامی فهمیم تغییرمی دهد،توجه می کنند (Bruffee.1993

سومین منبع ، چرخۀ طبی آمریکاییهای بومی رابکارمی بردکه یک مدل یادگیری سازمانی راکه مدور،طولانی وتکامل یافته ،بیش ازمسیرمعمولی اند وبرش متقاطع وقسمتی راتوسعه می دهد . یادگیری چیزی است که تمام اوقات اتفاق می افتد (Cowan,1995)

سپس این مفاهیم نشأت گرفته ،ازاین سه منبع کلیدی برای فهمیدن اینکه آنهاچه چیزی برای یادگیری سازمانی نشان می دهند گسترده می شوند . پس،بعضی ازتغییرات لازم سازمانهاممکن است به منظورپذیرش این مفهوم های رسیدگی شده ،ساخته شود .

Organizational culture

فرهنگ سازمانی

دریک مقاله توسط ویک وستلی درکتاب مطالعات سازماندهی درسال (1996) که یادگیری سازمانی نامیده شد . درحال اظهارکردن یک oxymoron(یعنی : عباراتی که دوکلمه راترکیب می کند تابرضدیکدیگرباشند ، نویسندگان سازمانهارابه اندازۀ فرهنگهامی دانند .آنهاتوضیح می دهند که یادگیری سازمانی یک oxymoro است . زیرایادگیری ،اختلال ویک افزایش رادرتنوع درگیرمی کند ، درحالیکه سازماندهی غفلت ویک کاهش رادرتنوع درگیرمی کند . این امتدادی راسازماندهی می کند که بسیاری ازکارگران بکارنمی برند واغلب دریک تلاش برای برگشتن به سازماندهی نادیده می گیرند .

امام علی متن انگلیسی به همراه ترجمه 8 ص

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A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE LIVES OF THE FIRST IMAM

Amir al-mu’minin Ali -- upon whom be peace —was the son of Abu Talib, the shaykh of the Banu Hashim. Abu Talib was the uncle and guardian of the Holy Prophet and the person who had brought the Prophet to his house and raised him like his own son.

After the Prophet was chosen for his prophetic mission, Abu Talib continued to support him and repelled from him the evil that camefrome the infidels among the Arabs and especially the Quraysh. According to well-known traditional accounts Ali was born ten Years before the commencement of the prophetic mission of the Prophet. When six years old, as a result of famine in and around Mecca, he was requested by the Prophet to leave his father’s house and come to the house of his cousin, the Prophet. There he was placed directly under the guardianship and custody of the holy prophet.

A few years later, when the prophet was endowed with the Divine gift of prophecy and for the first time recevied the Divine revelation in the cave of Hira, as he left the cave to return to town and his own house he met Ali on the way. He told him what had happenend and Ali accepted the new faith. Again in a gathering when the Holy Prophet had brought his relatives together and invited them to accept his religion, he said the first person to accept his call would be his vicegerent and inheritor and deputy. The only person to rise from his place and accept the faith was Ali and the prophet accepted his declaration of faith. Therefore Ali Was the first man in Islam to accept the faith and is the first among the followers of the Prophet to have never worshiped other than the One God.

Ali was always in the company of the Prophet until the Prophet migrated from Mecca to Medina. On the night of the migration to Medina (hijrah) when the infidels had surrounded the house of the Prophet and were determined to invade the house at the end of the night and cut him to pieces while he was in bed. Ali slept in place of the Prophet while the Prophet left the house and set out for Medina.after the departure of the Prophet, according to his wish Ali gave back to the people the trusts and charges that they had left with the Prophet. Then he went to Medina with his Mother, the daughter of the Prophet, and two other women.

In Medina also Ali was constantly in the company of the Prophet in private and in Poblic. The Prophet gave Fatimah, his beloved daughter from Khadijah, to Ali as his wife and when the Prophet was creating bonds of brotherhood among his companions he selected Ali as his brother.

Ali was present in all the wars in which the Prophet participated, except the battle of Tabuk when he was ordered to stay in Medina in place of the Prophet. He did not retreat in any battle nor did he turn his face away from any enemy. He never disobeyed the Prophet, so that the Prophet said,” Ali is never separated from the Truth nor the Truth from Ali” .

On the day of the death of the Prophet,Ali was thirty-three years old. Although he was foremoset in religious virtues and the Most outstanding among the companions of the Prophet, he was pushed aside from the caliphate on the claim that he was too young and that he had many enemies among the people because of the blood of the polytheists he had spilled in the wars fought alongside the Prophet. Terefore Ali was almost completely cut off from public affairs. He retreated to his house where he began to train competent individuals in the Divine scieneces and in this way he passed the twenty-five years of the caliphate of the first three caliphs who succeeded the Prophet. When the third caliph was killed, people gave their allegiance to him and he was chosen as caliph.

During his caliphate of nearly four years and nine months, Ali followed the way of the Prophet and gave his caliphate the from of a spiritual movement and renewal and began many different types of reforms. Naturally, these reforms were against the interests of certain parties that sought their own benefit. As a result, a group of the companions (foremost among whom were Talhah and Zubayr, who also gained the support of A’ishah, and especially Mu’awiyah) made a pretext of the death of the third caliph to raise their heads in opposition and began to revolt and rebel against Ali.

In order to quell the civil strife and sedition, Ali fought a war near Basra, known as the “Battle of the camel,” against Talhah and Zubayr in which A’ishah, “the Mother of the Faithful,” was also involved he fought another war against Mu’awiyah on theborder of Iraq and Syria which lasted for a year and a half and is famous as the “Battle of Siffin”. He also fought against the Khawarij at Nahrawan, in a battle known as the “Battle of Nahrawan.” Therefore, most of the days of Ali’s caliphate were spent in overcoming internal opposition. Finally, in the morning of the 19th of Ramadan in the year 40 A.H, while praying in the mosque of Kufa, he was wounded by one of the Khawarij and died as a martyr during the night of the 21st.

According to the testimony of friend and foe alike, Ali had no shortcomings from the point of view of human perfection. And in the Islamic virtues he was a perfect example of the upbringing and training given by the Prophet. The discussions that have taken place concerning his personality and the books written on this subject by Shi’ites, Sunnis and members of other religions, as well as the simply curious outside any distinct religious bodies, are hardly equaled in the case of any other personality in history.

In science and knowledge Ali was the most learned of the companions of the Prophet, and of Muslims in general. In his learned discourses he was the first in Islam to open the door for logical demonstraction and proof and to discuss the “divine sciences” or metaphysics (ma’arifi ilahiyah). He spoke concerning the esoteric aspect of the Quran and devised Arabic grammar in order to preserve the Quran’s from of expression. He was the most eloquent Arab in speech (as has been mentioned in the first part of this book)

The courage of Ali was proverbial. In all the wars in which he participated during the lifetime of the Prophet, and also afterward, he never displayed fear or anxiety. Although in many battles such as those of Uhud,Hunayn,Khaybar and Khandaq the aides to the Prophet and the Muslim army trembled in fear or dispersed and fled, he never turned his back to the enemy. Never did a warrior or soldier engage Ali in battle and come out of it alive.Yet, with full chivalry he would never slay a week enemy nor pursue those who fled. He would not engage in surprise attacks or in turning streams of water upon the enemy. It has been definitively established historicall that in the Battle of Khaybar in the attack against the fort he reached the ring of the door and with sudden motion tore off the door and cast it away.

Also on the day when Mecca was conquered the Prophet ordered the idols to be broken. The idol “Hubal” was the largest idole in Mecca, a giant stone statue placed on the top of the Ka’bah. Following the command of the Prophet, Ali Placed his feet on the Prophet’s shoulders, climbed to the top of the Ka’bah, pulled “Hubal” from its place and cast it down.

Ali was also without equal in religious asceticism and the worship of God.

In answer to some who had complained of Ali’s anger toward them, the Prophet said, “Do not reproach Ali for he is in a state of Divine ecstasy and bewilderment.” Abu Darda one of the companions, one day saw the body of Ali in one of the palm plantations of Medina lying on the ground as stiff as wood. He went to Ali’s house to infrom his noble wife, the daughter of the Prophet, and to express his condolences. The daughter of the Prophet said, “My cousin (Ali) Has not died. Rather,in fear of God he has fainted. This condition overcomes him often.”

There are many stories told of Ali’s kindness to the lowly compassion for the needy and the poor, and generosity and munificence toward those in misery and poverty. Ali spent all that he earned to help the poor and the needy, and himself lived in the strictest and simplest manner. Ali loved agriculture and spent much of his time digging wells, planting trees and cultivating fields. But all the fields that he cultivated or wells that he built he gave in endowment (waqf) to the poor. His endowments, known as the “alms of Ali,” had the noteworthy in come of twenty-four thousand gold dinars toward the end of his life.

اجمالی از تاریخ زندگی امام علی (ع)

حضرت امیرالمومنین علی علیه السلام ، وی فرزند ابوطالب شیخ بنی هاشم عموی پیغمبر اکرم (ص) بود که پیغمبر اکرم را سرپرستی